1995

1. [Beltrami et al. 1995]
   ABSTRACT: In an attempt to obtain robust records of past climatic variations, geothermal temperature-depth data have been combined with dendrochronological data to yield high resolution ground temperature histories. Since the resolution of the den- drochronological record and the ground temperature history inferred from geothermal data are different, comparison of these records is made possible by multiplying the dendrochronological data by the model resolution matrix for the geothermal data inversion. Under this condition, we find that a simple transformation between tree-ring indices and ground temperature changes allows us to interpret tree-ring widths in terms of ground temperatures, thus yielding a high resolution ground temperature history which explains the observed subsurface temperature regime. The linear transformation relating the ground temperature changes and average variations from the tree-ring chronology was found to be very high
   Paleoclimate, borehole

2. [Beltrami and Mareschal 1995]
   ABSTRACT: Resolution of SVD inversion method. Discussion on the eigenvalue cutoff levels.
   Paleoclimate, borehole

3. [Biswas et al. 1995]
   Computing energy output of wind turbines using weibull fit to evaluate the contribution of each wind value to the energy and the power vs wind relation
   Wind energy

4. [Blunier et al. 1995]
   Reference for CH4 through last 1000 years from [Crowley 2000]
   Paleoclimate

5. [Clauser and Mareschal 1995]
   Borehole reconstructions Europe. Ref from [Pollack and Huang 2000]
   Paleoclimate

6. [Cook 1995]
   Study of different regional trends from tree-rings and corals. Find positive trends for temperature for the instrumental period, though not in all regions.
   Paleoclimate, temperature reconstructions, proxy, corals, tree-ring.

7. [Corte-Real et al. 1995]
   CCA between Z500 and SLP over the Atlantic-Europe with monthly rainfall and temperature over the Mediterranean. Pictures over the Mediterranean are horrible.
   CCA. Monthly Z500, SLP, Temperature and Precipitation. Mediterranean. Downscaling.

8. [Cui and Zorita 1995]
   Analysis of sea level variability in the Japanese area using CCA as a function of slp and sst. Two main governing processes are identified.
   Downscaling, cca, sea level, slp, sst.

9. [Eischeid et al. 1995]
   Objective quality control analysis of surface temperature and precipitation data. Temporal and spatial approaches for identification of outliers and erroneous data. Comparison among six different interpolation methods. Multiple regression was working best. Dependence of flagged values (outliers) on the values of the distance for the IQR (f).
   Quality control, outliers, interpolation methods, temperature and precipitation.

10. [Easterling and Peterson 1995]
    Review previous methods in hoogeneity and propose a new one based on a combination of regression analysis and non-parametric statistics. They find that on very large spatial scales, positive and negative homogeneity adjustments in individual station's max and min temperature time series largely balance out so when averaged into a single time series, the adjusted and unadjusted trends are very similar.
    Homogeneization.

11. [Esteban-Parra et al. 1995]
    Description of trends in 5 sites in the northern spanish plateau: mean, maximum and minimum trends. Uses Bartlett and Mann-Kendall tests to examine homogeneity and change points.
    Iberian temperature. Trends.

12. [Fernández-Mills 1995]
    Regionalization through PCA of precipitation in Spain. PCA of 12x12 intermonth covariance matrix and cluster. Data for the period 1961-1990 in 68 stations. Monthly values.
    Spanish precipitation regionalization. Annual wave.

13. [Fraedrich et al. 1995]
    Estimation of spatial degrees of freedom comparing the variance of theoretical standardized chi-squared distribution with the sum of the squared eigenvalues of a spatial correlation matrix.
    Degrees of freedom.

14. [Harris and Chapman 1995]
    Utah, western USA boreholes less warming than in canada
    Last millennium, borehole reconstructions

15. [Hurrell 1995]
    Relationship of moisture transport to NAO. Relationship of regional temperatures and precipitation to NAO. Relationship with current NAO trends.
    Grafica con balance E-P interesante.

16. [Lean et al. 1995]
    Reconstructions of solar total and UV irradiances from 1610 to present. These are based on parameterizations of sunspot darkening and facular brightening. Two separate components are reconstructed, the 11 year cycle plus a slowly varying background. Results are cmpared with other reconstructions and with evaluations of NH temperature change with speculation of implications for climate warming.
    Climate reconstructions, solar irradiance reconstructions, cosmogenic isotopes.

17. [Marotzke and Stone 1995]
    Theoretical analysis of the interactions between atmospheric meridional transports and the thermohaline circulation using a four-box ocean-atmosphere model in one hemisphere. Flux adjustments added tothe model-computed surface fluxes in order to correct for erroneous represenations of model physics still leave the model with erroneous transient behaviour.
    Atmosphere-ocean box model, flux adjustments.

18. [Mitchell et al. 1995a]
    First climate change experiments including the direct effect of sulphate aerosols (short wave scattering). Predicts future 0.3 K temperature increase by 2050 due to GHG and 0.2 K with aerosols. Aerosols increase agreement with observations. Global warming could accelerate when GHG effects grows dominant over aerosol effects.
    Climate change, sulphate aerosols, UKMO model, global warming.

19. [Mitchell et al. 1995b]
    UKMO model, HADCM2. Description and comparison with observations
    Climate change, sulphate aerosols, UKMO model, global warming.

20. [Murphy 1995]
    UKMO model, HADCM2. Model set up and flux corrections
    Global warming, climate change, flux corrections

21. [Perlwitz and Graf 1995]
    Conection between tropospheric and stratospheric modes. Association between geopotential heights and temperature. Link to El Niño and PNA pattern. Strong stratospheric vortex associated with winter warmings.
    NAO, PNA, stratosphere.
22. [Rhoades and Neill 1995]
    Allowing for station drift in correcting inhomogeneities due to site changes. Variance corrections.
    Homogeneity.

23. [Shen et al. 1995]
    Numerical experiments that explore the effects of three dimensional subsurface heterogeneity on GSTH inferred from broehole temperature profiles. Inversions of steady state temperature profiles containing such three dimensional 'noise' reveal that in an inversion formulation incorporatinga priori information supurious temeprature histories can emerge if constraints are too tight. Relaxation of the aprior constraints enables an effetive muting of the spurious histories... and potentially of signal.
    Borehole inversions, temperature reconstructions, last millennium

24. [Sollow 1995]
    Description of two phase regression model. Application to ENSO
    Climate change, change points, two phase regression, ENSO

25. [Stein 1995]
    Heat flow on Earth. Mostly view of heat flow from Earth's interion with some comments on climate. Nice for the description of thermal depth and values of associated constants. Description of marine and continental heat flow... Climate signal in the upper crust is noise to be corrected.
    Geothermals, boreholes, paleoclimate.

26. [von Storch 1995]
    The problem of scales in climate modeling. Model simulations at the regional and large scale. Different downscaling approaches. Discussion on benefits and disadvantages
    Climate models, downscaling, global warming, echosystems.

27. [Toth 1995]
    Dimensionality of atmospheric motions. Degrees of freedom. Several methods.
    Degrees of freedom.

28. [Wallace et al. 1995]
    Analysis of hemispheric temperature anomalies. They find pattern that contributes to most variability in hemispheric mean temperature trends. This is the COWL pattern: cold oceans-warm land. Quite similar to the AO temperature pattern by the way.
    COWL, hemispheric temperature, climate change.

29. [Weber and Kaufmann 1995]
    Objective classification applied to wind fields.
    Cluster analysis, wind speed.

30. [Zwiers and von Storch 1995]
    Frequently data are serially correlated which results in the t test not being applicable. Guidelines for the application of the usual t test are provided and two alternative tests proposed which improve the t test.
    t-test, degrees of freedom, serial correlation, tests of mean.